# This notebook is a semi top-down explanation. This cell needs to be
# executed first so that the operators and helper functions are defined
# All of this is explained in the later half of the notebook
using Compose, Interact
Compose.set_default_graphic_size(2inch, 2inch)
points_f = [
(.1, .1),
(.9, .1),
(.9, .2),
(.2, .2),
(.2, .4),
(.6, .4),
(.6, .5),
(.2, .5),
(.2, .9),
(.1, .9),
(.1, .1)
]
f = compose(context(), stroke("black"), line(points_f))
rot(pic) = compose(context(rotation=Rotation(-deg2rad(90))), pic)
flip(pic) = compose(context(mirror=Mirror(deg2rad(90), 0.5w, 0.5h)), pic)
above(m, n, p, q) =
compose(context(),
(context(0, 0, 1, m/(m+n)), p),
(context(0, m/(m+n), 1, n/(m+n)), q))
above(p, q) = above(1, 1, p, q)
beside(m, n, p, q) =
compose(context(),
(context(0, 0, m/(m+n), 1), p),
(context(m/(m+n), 0, n/(m+n), 1), q))
beside(p, q) = beside(1, 1, p, q)
over(p, q) = compose(context(),
(context(), p), (context(), q))
rot45(pic) =
compose(context(0, 0, 1/sqrt(2), 1/sqrt(2),
rotation=Rotation(-deg2rad(45), 0w, 0h)), pic)
# Utility function to zoom out and look at the context
zoomout(pic) = compose(context(),
(context(0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6), pic),
(context(0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 0.6), fill(nothing), stroke("black"), strokedash([0.5mm, 0.5mm]),
polygon([(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1)])))
function read_path(p_str)
tokens = [try parsefloat(x) catch symbol(x) end for x in split(p_str, r"[\s,]+")]
path(tokens)
end
fish = compose(context(units=UnitBox(260, 260)), stroke("black"),
read_path(strip(readall("fish.path"))))
rotatable(pic) = @manipulate for θ=0:0.001:2π
compose(context(rotation=Rotation(θ)), pic)
end
blank = compose(context())
fliprot45(pic) = rot45(compose(context(mirror=Mirror(deg2rad(-45))),pic))
# Hide this cell.
display(MIME("text/html"), """<script>
var cell = \$(".container .cell").eq(0), ia = cell.find(".input_area")
if (cell.find(".toggle-button").length == 0) {
ia.after(
\$('<button class="toggle-button">Toggle hidden code</button>').click(
function (){ ia.toggle() }
)
)
ia.hide()
}
</script>""")
Functional Geometry is a paper by Peter Henderson (original (1982), revisited (2002)) which deconstructs the MC Escher woodcut Square Limit
A picture is an example of a complex object that can be described in terms of its parts. Yet a picture needs to be rendered on a printer or a screen by a device that expects to be given a sequence of commands. Programming that sequence of commands directly is much harder than having an application generate the commands automatically from the simpler, denotational description.
A picture
is a denotation of something to draw.
e.g. The value of f here denotes the picture of the letter F
f
We begin specifying the algebra of pictures we will use to describe Square Limit with a few operations that operate on pictures to give other pictures, namely:
rot : picture → picture
flip : picture → picture
rot45 : picture → picture
above : picture × picture → picture
above : int × int × picture × picture → picture
beside : picture × picture → picture
beside : int × int × picture × picture → picture
over : picture → picture
rot : picture → picture
Rotate a picture anti-clockwise by 90°
rot(f)
flip : picture → picture
Flip a picture along its virtical center axis
flip(f)
rot(flip(f))
rotate the picture anti-clockwise by 45°, then flip it across the new virtical axis. In the paper this is implemented as $flip(rot45(fish))$. This function is rather specific to the problem at hand.
fliprot45(fish) |> zoomout # zoomout shows the bounding box
above : picture × picture → picture
place a picture above another.
above(f, f)
above : int × int × picture × picture → picture
given m
, n
, picture1
and picture2
, return a picture where picture1
is placed above picture2
such that their heights occupy the total height in m:n ratio
above(1, 2, f, f)
beside : picture × picture → picture
Similar to above
but in the left-to-right direction.
beside(f, f)
beside : int × int × picture × picture → picture
beside(1, 2, f, f)
above(beside(f, f), f)
over : picture → picture
place a picture upon another
over(f, flip(f))
We will now study some of the properties of the fish.
fish |> zoomout